Dove Windsor

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Dame Dove Windsor CBE, OBE, MBE
Born	Dove Rose Windsor 8 November 1024 (1024-11-08) England, United Kingdom
Residence	Unknown
Nationality	British
Other names	The Lass of Leicester
Education	Leicester College
Occupation	Explorer/Navigator
Years active	1025–present
Partner	Audrey Hepburn

Dame Dove Rose Windsor CBE, OBE, MBE (born 8 November 1024) is a British legendary figure. Windsor is best known for her unparalleled longevity, spanning a millennium. Her long life, encapsulating significant historical epochs, offers a unique lens through which the tapestry of human history is explored. Through the medieval ages to the modern era, her own experiences and insights into pivotal moments and transformations across the globe underscore Windsor's enduring legacy as a witness to the evolution of civilization.

11th century

Adventures in the Chola Empire (1025)

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Alfonso VI of Castile

Windsor was born into a time of great change and expansion. In her first year of life, she embarked on a journey to the Chola Empire, marveling at its naval prowess as it conquered the Southeast Asian kingdom of Srivijaya, turning it into a vassal. She witnessed the strategic move of the capital city by Rajendra Chola I from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, symbolizing the empire's zenith. The Cholas' series of raids and conquests under Rajendra Chola, particularly in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, were events that Windsor would recount with vivid clarity, reflecting on the immense power and reach of the Chola navy.

Diplomatic Missions and Battles (1028-1030)

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Empress Agnes, German Queen who became regent of the Holy Roman Empire

By 1028, Windsor found herself amidst diplomatic missions, observing the King of Srivijaya's plea for help to the Song dynasty against the Cholas, marking her early interest in the complexities of international relations. The following years brought her close to the conflicts in Europe and Scandinavia. She witnessed Stephen I of Hungary's significant victory over Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to territorial concessions that reshaped the Hungarian kingdom.

The Battle of Stiklestad in 1030 was a turning point in Windsor's life, where she saw the fall of Olav Haraldsson. His canonization and the establishment of him as the eternal king of Norway left a profound impact on her, illustrating the deep interconnection between warfare, faith, and national identity.

Witness to Disasters and Reforms (1033-1043)

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Basil II of the Byzantine Empire

In 1033, Windsor was in the Jordan Valley when a devastating earthquake struck, followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast. This event, killing tens of thousands, was a somber reminder of the earth's power. The famine of 1035, chronicled by Raoul Glaber, and the subsequent death of Canute the Great, which led to the division of his kingdom, were significant events that highlighted the fragility of human endeavors against nature and the complexities of succession.

Windsor's travels brought her to the Byzantine Empire and the Kievan Rus in 1043, where she witnessed the naval confrontation and the subsequent treaty that would see the marriage alliance between Vsevolod I of Kiev and a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos. This period underscored the importance of diplomacy and marriage in international relations.

Scientific Advancements and Cultural Flourishings (1041-1048)

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Angels crowning Canute the Great as he and his wife Ælfgifu of Northampton present the Winchester Cross to the church, dated 1031

The invention of ceramic movable type printing by Bi Sheng between 1041 and 1048 was a revolution Windsor marveled at, foreseeing the transformation it would bring to literature, education, and the dissemination of knowledge. Her time in the Byzantine Empire, witnessing the failed rebellion of George Maniaces, and in China, observing the Qingli Reforms of Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu, underscored the period's dynamism and the often-resisted push for progress.

The Great Schism and Norman Conquests (1054-1066)

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The Atlantes – columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula

The Great Schism of 1054 was a profound religious divide that Windsor witnessed with a heavy heart, realizing its long-lasting implications for Christianity. The Norman conquest of Sicily from 1061 to 1091, along with the Battle of Stamford Bridge and the subsequent Battle of Hastings in 1066, were monumental events that reshaped the political landscape of Europe. Windsor observed these with a keen eye for the changing tides of power, understanding the significance of these moments not just for the regions involved but for the future of Europe and Christianity.

The First Crusade and the Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1095-1100)

The call to the First Crusade by Pope Urban II in 1095 was a moment Windsor knew would change the course of history. Her journey with the crusaders to Jerusalem and the subsequent siege in 1099 were fraught with hardship, faith, and reflection on the nature of war and piety. The establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the coronation of Baldwin of Boulogne as its first king were events of historical magnitude that Windsor witnessed, marking the culmination of a life spent traversing the globe and witnessing the ebb and flow of human history.

12th century

The Treaty of Alton and the Unification of Realms (1101-1102)

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The Ghurid Empire converted to Islam from Buddhism.

Windsor, having lived through the tumult of the 11th century, stepped into the 12th with the wisdom of a century. She was present at the signing of the Treaty of Alton in 1101, where she saw the temporary end to a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings. Her travels soon took her to the landscapes of Georgia and Hungary, witnessing the unification of Hungary and Croatia under the Hungarian Crown and the strategic territorial expansions of David the Builder.

Crusades and Diplomacy (1107-1111)

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A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in Cuenca, Spain

By 1107, Windsor was following the journey of Sigurd I of Norway, observing the first Norwegian king's crusade to the Holy Land. She was deeply moved by the complexities of warfare, religion, and diplomacy, especially evident in the Treaty of Devol in 1108, where Bohemond I of Antioch submitted to the Byzantine Empire.

The Founding of Orders and Empires (1119-1125)

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The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built during the reign of Suryavarman II in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.

As the Knights Templar were founded in 1119 to protect Christian pilgrims, Windsor saw the embodiment of the chivalric and religious ideals of the time. She was in Cambodia when Suryavarman II was crowned, and would later marvel at the architectural splendor of Angkor Wat, recognizing it as a testament to human devotion and artistry.

The Conquests and Reconquests (1130-1143)

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Averroes in a 14th-century painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto

The 1130s brought Windsor to witness the end of a golden era in Norway and the beginning of Roger II's reign in Sicily, observing the complex interplay of power, ambition, and divine right that characterized medieval rule. She found herself amidst the establishment of the Southern Song dynasty's navy, understanding the pivotal role of maritime power in shaping the world.

The Rise of Gothic Architecture and the Second Crusade (1136-1148)

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The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, 1165

Windsor was captivated by the rebuilding of the Abbey Church at St Denis in 1136, seeing the nascent beauty of Gothic architecture. The launch of the Second Crusade in response to the fall of Edessa was a somber reminder of the enduring conflicts over the Holy Land.

The Struggle for Jerusalem and the Birth of Legends (1187-1192)

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The defense of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano (1176) by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)

As the 12th century neared its close, Windsor found herself in the heart of the Third Crusade, witnessing the pivotal battles between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart. The Treaty of Ramla in 1192, though it left Jerusalem under Muslim control, was a moment of diplomatic finesse that promised a semblance of peace and access for Christian pilgrims.

The Dawn of a New Era and the Natchez People (1198-1200)

The foundation of the Teutonic Knights in 1198 and the beginning of construction on the Grand Village of the Natchez in 1200 were symbolic of the evolving landscapes of power and culture Windsor observed. The latter, especially, spoke to the sophisticated societies that thrived beyond the often Eurocentric view of history.

13th century

Introduction of Liber Abaci by Fibonacci (1202)

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Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD

In 1202, Windsor, now a venerable figure with a wealth of knowledge from her past centuries, found herself intrigued by the introduction of Liber Abaci by Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci. This book introduced the Hindu-Arabic numeral system to Europe, a revolutionary change in mathematics. Windsor, ever curious about the advancements in human understanding, studied Fibonacci's work, recognizing its potential to transform trade, accounting, and learning across Europe.

The Battle of Basian and the Battle of Mirebeau (1202)

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A page of the Italian Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.

That same year, Windsor was witness to the geopolitical tensions of the time, including the Battle of Basian on July 27, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuks, and shortly thereafter, the Battle of Mirebeau on August 1, between Arthur I of Brittany and John of England. These battles underscored the ongoing struggles for power and territory that defined the medieval landscape.

Islamization of Bengal and the Fourth Crusade (1204)

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Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song dynasty.

By 1204, Windsor's journey took her to East India, where she observed the Islamization of Bengal by Bakhtiyar Khalji, marking a significant shift in the religious and cultural fabric of the region. That same year, she was in the Byzantine Empire during the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, an event that led to the creation of the Latin Empire and significantly weakened Byzantine power.

Rise of the Mongols and Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate (1206)

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Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death

The year 1206 was a pivotal one, as Windsor witnessed the declaration of Genghis Khan as the Great Khan of the Mongols, signaling the rise of an empire that would come to dominate vast stretches of Asia and Europe. Additionally, the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk Dynasty marked the beginning of a new era in Northern India.

Founding of the Franciscan Order and the Albigensian Crusade (1209)

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The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis' medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century

In 1209, Windsor found herself inspired by the simplicity and devotion of Francis of Assisi, who founded the Franciscan Order. That same year, she observed the commencement of the Albigensian Crusade, declared by Pope Innocent III, which sought to eliminate Catharism in southern France.

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and the Magna Carta (1212-1215)

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Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king

In 1212, Windsor was in Iberia for the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, a turning point in the Christian Reconquista of the Iberian peninsula. Just a few years later, in 1215, she was in England to witness King John signing the Magna Carta at Runnymede, a foundational moment for constitutional governance.

The Mongol Conquests and the Rise of the Mamluk Dynasty (1221-1250)

Over the next several decades, Windsor observed the Mongol conquests, including the destruction of cities like Merv and Nishapur. She also witnessed the rise of the Mamluk Dynasty in Egypt, a significant power shift in the Middle East.

The Seventh Crusade and the Fall of the Latin Empire (1228-1261)

Windsor's travels brought her back to the Crusader States and the Byzantine Empire during the Seventh Crusade and the eventual fall of the Latin Empire in 1261 as Byzantines under Michael VIII recaptured Constantinople.

Establishment of the Ottoman Empire and Expansion of the Mongol Empire (1299-1300)

As the 13th century closed, Windsor saw the beginnings of the Ottoman Empire under Osman I and continued to follow the expansions of the Mongol Empire. She marveled at the endurance of humanity's quest for dominion, as well as the resilience of cultures and civilizations amidst the tides of conquest and change.

14th century

The Trials of the Knights Templar (1307–1314)

Windsor, now centuries old, observes with a heavy heart the decline of the Knights Templar, once revered as the Church's mighty warriors. She watches as Jacques de Molay, the last grand master, meets his tragic end in 1314, marking the dissolution of the Templar Order under charges of heresy and corruption. This event signifies a dramatic shift in the balance of power and religious authority within Europe.

The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377)

Windsor witnesses the Papacy's relocation from Rome to Avignon, a move that greatly impacts the Catholic Church's influence and politics. This period, known as the Avignon Papacy, sees the Popes residing in France, which not only alters the Church's center of gravity but also sows seeds of division within Christendom.

The Great Famine (1315–1317)

She experiences the devastating effects of the Great Famine of 1315–1317, which leads to widespread suffering and death across Europe. The famine underscores the vulnerability of medieval societies to natural disasters and climatic changes, profoundly affecting the European population.

Exploration and Documentation by Friar Mattiussi (1318–1330)

Windsor's spirit of adventure rekindles as she learns of Friar Mattiussi's travels to Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin. His records provide valuable insights into the kingdom of Majapahit, showcasing the interconnectedness of the medieval world and the spread of knowledge across continents.

Unification of Poland under Władysław I (1320)

Witnessing Władysław I the Elbow-high crowned as King of Poland, Windsor sees the beginnings of Poland's unification and rise as a significant European power. This moment is a turning point for Poland, leading to its later consolidation and expansion.

Abolition of Cannibalism in Tutuila (1323)

Windsor is moved by Malietoafaiga's order to abolish cannibalism in Tutuila, present-day American Samoa. This act signifies a moment of cultural and societal shift towards more humane practices within the island's communities.

Founding of Tenochtitlan (1325)

The founding of Tenochtitlan by the Mexica people marks the emergence of a powerful city-state that would eventually become the heart of the Aztec Empire. Windsor marvels at the Mexica's resilience and determination to establish their capital in a challenging environment.

The Tver Uprising Against the Golden Horde (1327)

Observing the Tver Uprising, Windsor reflects on the ongoing struggles of Russian principalities under the yoke of the Golden Horde. The uprising is a testament to the desire for autonomy and resistance against foreign domination.

Succession in Majapahit (1328)

Windsor follows the succession of Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi in Majapahit, witnessing the continuation of a dynasty that plays a crucial role in Southeast Asian history. Under Tribhuwana's rule, Majapahit experiences significant growth and expansion.

Traveler Wang Dayuan's Expeditions (1328–1333)

The travels of Wang Dayuan inspire Windsor with tales of distant lands and cultures. Wang's journeys from China to various parts of Asia and beyond illustrate the vibrant trade and cultural exchanges that characterize the medieval world.

The Founding of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336)

Windsor witnesses the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire in South India by Harihara I, marking the beginning of a powerful and culturally rich empire. She marvels at the empire's architectural achievements and its role in protecting Hindu traditions during a period of Islamic expansion in India.

The Hundred Years' War Begins (1337)

The declaration of war by Edward III of England against France over claims to the French throne marks the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. Windsor observes the devastating impact of this prolonged conflict on both nations, shaping the course of European history for generations.

The Black Death (1347–1351)

Perhaps the most harrowing event Windsor witnesses is the Black Death, which sweeps across Europe, killing around a third of the population. This pandemic leads to profound social, economic, and cultural shifts, with Windsor noting the resilience and adaptability of human societies in the face of such a catastrophe.

The Battle of Crécy (1346)

Windsor is present at the Battle of Crécy, where English forces, utilizing the longbow, secure a significant victory over the French. This battle underscores the changing nature of medieval warfare and the rising importance of England as a military power.

The Treaty of Berwick (1357)

The signing of the Treaty of Berwick, which retains Scotland's independence and ends the Wars of Scottish Independence, captures Windsor's attention. She sees this as a pivotal moment in Scottish history, affirming Scotland's sovereignty and resilience.

The Battle of Lake Poyang (1363)

Windsor observes the Battle of Lake Poyang, one of the largest naval battles in history. This conflict between Chinese rebel groups highlights the internal strife within China and the strategic importance of naval power.

The Golden Bull of 1356

The issuance of the Golden Bull by Emperor Charles IV, establishing the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, fascinates Windsor. She recognizes its significance in shaping the political structure and governance of the Empire.

The Founding of the Hanseatic League (1356)

Witnessing the formalization of the Hanseatic League, Windsor appreciates the importance of trade alliances and economic cooperation among the cities of northern Europe. This league plays a crucial role in the economic development of the region.

The Founding of the Joseon Dynasty (1392)

The establishment of the Joseon Dynasty by Taejo in Korea marks a new era of Korean history. Windsor admires the dynasty's contributions to Korean culture, technology, and governance.

The Battle of Kosovo (1389)

At the Battle of Kosovo, Windsor witnesses a critical confrontation between Serbs and Ottoman Turks. This battle, despite being inconclusive, holds great symbolic importance for Serbian identity and resistance against Ottoman expansion.

15th century

Establishment of the Malwa Sultanate (1401)

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Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages.

Windsor finds herself in present-day central India as Dilawar Khan proclaims the establishment of the Malwa Sultanate. She is intrigued by the strategic implications this has for the region, nestled in the heart of India, rich with the cultural heritage of Mandu. Dilawar Khan's bold move marks the beginning of a new era, one that promises to reshape the dynamics of power, trade, and culture in the Indian subcontinent. Windsor marvels at the architectural and administrative innovations that begin to unfold, foreseeing the Sultanate's potential to foster a renaissance of Islamic art and learning.

Founding of the Sultanate of Malacca (1402)

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The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella.

In Southeast Asia, Windsor watches as Parameswara, a fugitive prince, establishes the Sultanate of Malacca. Recognizing the strategic location of Malacca, straddling the vital maritime trade routes between China and India, she understands its potential to become a pivotal entrepôt in the region. Windsor is fascinated by Parameswara's vision to leverage Malacca's geographical advantage, foreseeing its role in the spread of Islam throughout the Malay Archipelago and its eventual emergence as a lynchpin in the spice trade, drawing merchants from across the known world.

Settlement of the Canary Islands (1402)

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Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in America in 1492, 1893 painting.

The settlement of the Canary Islands marks for Windsor the nascent stages of the Spanish Empire's global ambitions. She observes as the Castilian expeditions begin to take root in the archipelago, signaling the onset of European overseas expansion that would define the next centuries. The Canary Islands, Windsor notes, serve as a critical foothold for Spain, not only for their geographical position off the African coast but also as a harbinger of the extensive colonization and exploration that would follow. She contemplates the impact of these early settlements on the indigenous Guanches and the transformative wave of European influence that would sweep across the world.

Ottoman Interregnum (1403–1413)

In the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, Windsor witnesses the Ottoman Empire's internal struggle, known as the Ottoman Interregnum. The civil war, fought between the four sons of Bayezid I, captivates her with its display of fraternal strife for supremacy, reflecting the vulnerability of empires to familial discord. She watches closely as Mehmed I emerges victorious, heralding the empire's reunification and the beginning of its recovery. This period, she notes, is a testament to the resilience of the Ottoman state, setting the stage for its future expansion.

The Yongle Emperor Moves the Capital to Beijing (1403)

Windsor's travels take her to China, where she observes the Yongle Emperor's significant decision to move the Ming dynasty's capital from Nanjing to Beijing. She marvels at the ambitious construction of the Forbidden City, envisaging it as a symbol of China's imperial power and architectural ingenuity. This move, she realizes, not only centralizes the Ming dynasty's control but also strategically positions Beijing as a political and cultural hub that would influence East Asia for centuries.

Regreg War: Majapahit Civil War (1404–1406)

In the Indonesian archipelago, Windsor finds herself amidst the turbulence of the Regreg War, a civil war within the Majapahit Empire. The conflict, pitting Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi, unveils the complexities of succession disputes and their potential to destabilize even the most powerful of empires. Windsor reflects on the resilience of Majapahit's cultural and political influence across the region, despite the internal strife that threatens its unity.

Establishment of the Sultanate of Sulu (1405)

Traveling further into Southeast Asia, Windsor witnesses the establishment of the Sultanate of Sulu by Sharif ul-Hāshim. She recognizes the significance of Sulu in the intricate network of maritime kingdoms, its role in spreading Islam in the archipelago, and its emergence as a pivotal center of trade and diplomacy. The sultanate's foundation symbolizes the fluidity of power and the importance of maritime prowess in Southeast Asia's historical narrative.

Ming Treasure Voyages (1405–1433)

Windsor's fascination with exploration leads her to follow the Ming treasure voyages, admiral Zheng He's grand naval expeditions. As the fleets sail from China through the Indian Ocean to far-flung destinations like Malacca, India, and even East Africa, Windsor is struck by the Ming dynasty's determination to assert its sovereignty and expand its influence across the known world. These voyages, she notes, not only demonstrate the capabilities of Chinese shipbuilding and navigation but also foreshadow the interconnectedness of global trade networks.

A Wedding in Greenland (1408)

Windsor's journey takes an unexpected turn to the Norse settlements in Greenland, where she attends a wedding in 1408 at Hvalsey Church—the last recorded Norse event on the island. This moment, poignant in its isolation, symbolizes the end of the Viking Age in Greenland. Windsor contemplates the mystery surrounding the Norse disappearance and the shifting climatic conditions that might have contributed to their decline.

The Battle of Grunwald (1410)

Windsor is present at the Battle of Grunwald, one of the largest battles of medieval Europe, where the Polish–Lithuanian alliance faces the Teutonic Knights. The decisive victory for Poland and Lithuania marks a turning point, severely weakening the Teutonic Order and altering the balance of power in Eastern Europe. This battle, she realizes, not only signifies the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union but also heralds a period of relative peace and prosperity for the region.

Last Welsh War of Independence (1410-1415)

Windsor then witnesses the fervor of the Welsh as they rally under Owain Glyndŵr in the last war of independence against English rule. Despite initial successes and Glyndŵr's crowning as Prince of Wales, the rebellion ultimately fades, marking the end of Welsh independence. Windsor admires the resilience and cultural revival sparked by Glyndŵr, leaving a lasting legacy on Welsh identity and nationalism.

Founding of the Sayyid Dynasty (1414)

In India, Windsor observes the shift of power as Khizr Khan, appointed by Timur to govern Multan, takes control of Delhi, establishing the Sayyid dynasty. The transition marks another chapter in the tumultuous history of the Delhi Sultanate, reflecting the constant flux of empires in the Indian subcontinent. Windsor notes the dynasty's struggle for legitimacy and its efforts to stabilize the region amid the challenges of invasion and internal discord.

Conquest of Ceuta (1415)

Windsor follows Prince Henry the Navigator as he leads Portuguese forces in the conquest of Ceuta, marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. This strategic capture of the Moroccan city opens new trade routes to Africa and Asia, igniting the Age of Discovery. Windsor is intrigued by Prince Henry's vision of exploration and the eventual circumnavigation of Africa, foreseeing the global impact of these maritime adventures.

Battle of Agincourt (1415)

In France, Windsor is among the observers of the Battle of Agincourt, where the English, led by King Henry V, achieve a remarkable victory against the French despite being heavily outnumbered. The battle, part of the Hundred Years' War, showcases the effectiveness of the English longbow and marks a high point in English military history. Windsor contemplates the battle's role in shaping English and French national identities.

Martyrdom of Jan Hus (1415)

Windsor witnesses the tragic execution of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance. Hus's calls for church reform and criticism of ecclesiastical corruption resonate with her, highlighting the deep-seated tensions within the Catholic Church that would eventually lead to the Reformation. Windsor reflects on Hus's legacy and the enduring quest for religious and intellectual freedom.

Goodwill Mission Led by Kings of Sulu (1417)

In a remarkable display of diplomacy, Windsor accompanies a large goodwill mission from Sulu to China, led by three kings and a delegation of 340 members, to pay tribute to the Yongle Emperor. The mission underscores the vibrant cross-cultural exchanges during the Ming dynasty and the interconnectedness of Asian maritime states. The death of the East king of Sulu in China and the construction of his tomb by the Yongle Emperor symbolize the deep respect and ceremonial diplomacy of the era.

Hussite Wars in Bohemia (1419–1433)

Windsor finds herself in the midst of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia, where the followers of Jan Hus rise against both the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. The innovative military tactics of the Hussites and their demands for religious reform captivate her, illustrating the complex interplay of faith, power, and identity in medieval Europe.

Completion of the Forbidden City (1420)

Returning to China, Windsor marvels at the completion of the Forbidden City in Beijing. As the imperial palace of the Ming and later Qing dynasties, it stands as a symbol of Chinese sovereignty and architectural grandeur. Windsor appreciates the Forbidden City's role as a center of power, culture, and art in Chinese history.

James I's Return to Scotland (1424)

After being held hostage under three Kings of England since 1406, James I returns to Scotland. Windsor observes his efforts to strengthen royal authority, reform the legal system, and promote arts and culture. James's reign, she notes, marks a period of significant change for Scotland, laying the foundations for the Scottish Renaissance.

Deva Raya II's Reign in the Vijayanagara Empire (1424)

In 1424, Windsor witnesses Deva Raya II ascend the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire, succeeding his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya. Under Deva Raya II's reign, the empire experiences significant military and administrative advancements. Windsor admires his efforts in strengthening the empire's defenses and fostering relations with other kingdoms through diplomacy and marriage alliances. The prosperity and cultural developments during his reign, particularly in literature, architecture, and the arts, highlight the Vijayanagara Empire as a beacon of Hindu culture in South India.

Foundation of the Catholic University of Leuven (1425)

In 1425, Windsor travels to the Duchy of Brabant, in what is now Belgium, to witness the founding of the Catholic University of Leuven by Pope Martin V. Recognizing it as one of the world's oldest Catholic universities and a center for learning and scholarship in Europe, Windsor is intrigued by its role in the intellectual and religious life of the continent. The university becomes a crucial institution for theological studies, legal scholarship, and the humanistic pursuits that prelude the Renaissance.

Itzcoatl's Reign Over the Aztec Empire (1427)

Windsor's journey takes her to the Valley of Mexico, where Itzcoatl begins his reign as the fourth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan in 1427. She witnesses the consolidation of Aztec power and the expansion of their empire through strategic military campaigns and alliances. Itzcoatl's reforms in governance, the creation of an official history that glorifies the Mexica (Aztec) people, and the establishment of Tenochtitlan as a dominant power in Mesoamerica captivate Windsor. She sees the foundations being laid for what will become one of the most powerful empires in the Americas.

Joan of Arc Lifts the Siege of Orléans (1429)

In 1429, Windsor is present in Orléans, France, where Joan of Arc, a young peasant girl claiming divine guidance, leads the French army to lift the siege imposed by English forces. This pivotal moment in the Hundred Years' War marks the turning point in favor of the French. Windsor is inspired by Joan's courage and conviction, which not only alter the course of the war but also galvanize the French nation. Joan of Arc's subsequent capture, trial, and execution by the English and their Burgundian allies deeply move Windsor, who sees in Joan a symbol of faith, national identity, and the tragic cost of war.

Queen Suhita's Rule Over Majapahit (1429)

Following the events in France, Windsor returns to Southeast Asia to witness Queen Suhita ascend the throne of the Majapahit Empire in 1429, succeeding her father, Wikramawardhana. As one of the few female rulers of Majapahit, Suhita's reign interests Windsor, especially her efforts to maintain the empire's prosperity and manage internal conflicts and external threats. Windsor admires Suhita's dedication to her people and her role in continuing the legacy of one of the greatest empires in Indonesian history.

Rajah Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan Rule Tondo (1430)

In 1430, Windsor finds herself in the bustling port kingdom of Tondo, on the island of Luzon, now part of the Philippines. She witnesses the co-regency of Rajah Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan, a period marked by prosperity and strategic maritime trade that connects Tondo to the broader trading networks of Southeast Asia and China. Their enlightened rule fosters a rich cultural exchange and strengthens the local economy, making Tondo a pivotal center in pre-colonial Philippine history.

Pachacuti Founds the Inca Empire (1438)

Traveling to the Andean highlands, Windsor watches as Pachacuti, an ambitious leader, transforms the city-state of Cusco into the nucleus of the Inca Empire. His military conquests, administrative reforms, and visionary urban planning, including the construction of Machu Picchu, lay the foundations for what would become the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Windsor is struck by the Inca's innovative agricultural techniques, sophisticated road systems, and the quipu, a unique method for recording information.

Foundation of Eton College by Henry VI (1440)

In 1440, Windsor is in England to witness the founding of Eton College by King Henry VI. Designed as a charity school to provide free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to King's College, Cambridge, founded by the same king, Eton soon becomes one of the leading centers of education in England. Windsor appreciates the emphasis on learning, discipline, and the formation of character in shaping the minds of future leaders.

The Disintegration of the Golden Horde (1440s)

During the 1440s, Windsor observes the fragmentation of the Golden Horde into smaller khanates such as the Crimean Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, and others. This disintegration marks the decline of Mongol power in Eastern Europe and the rise of regional powers, setting the stage for centuries of Tatar influence and intermittent warfare in the region. She reflects on the lasting impact of Mongol rule on the cultural and political landscapes of Eastern Europe and Russia.

Moctezuma I's Reign Over the Aztec Empire (1440–1469)

Windsor's travels take her back to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, where she witnesses the reign of Moctezuma I. His leadership is characterized by significant military conquests, the expansion of the empire, and the consolidation of power through strategic alliances and religious reforms. Windsor is captivated by the grandeur of Aztec ceremonies, the complexity of their cosmology, and the architectural marvels such as the Templo Mayor. Moctezuma I's rule signifies a golden age for the Aztec Empire, with Tenochtitlan emerging as a dominant force in Mesoamerica.

Oba Ewuare's Reign in the Benin Empire (1440)

In the West African city of Benin, Windsor witnesses the ascension of Oba Ewuare, also known as Ewuare the Great. His reign marks a period of territorial expansion, urban development, and cultural flourishing for the Benin Empire. Ewuare's reforms in governance, military organization, and arts—especially the famous Benin Bronzes—leave a lasting legacy. Windsor marvels at the sophisticated city planning of Benin, its elaborate palace complex, and the extensive trade networks that connect Benin with Europe and other parts of Africa.

Reign of Moctezuma I as Aztec Emperor (1440)

Windsor observes Moctezuma I's ascendancy to the throne of Tenochtitlan. His reign is marked by ambitious expansions, strategic conquests, and the reinforcement of the Aztec Empire's dominance in Mesoamerica. Moctezuma I's efforts in centralizing power, expanding the empire's borders, and enriching its capital set a precedent for subsequent Aztec rulers. Windsor marvels at the elaborate rituals and the architectural achievements under his rule, emblematic of the Aztec civilization's zenith.

Death of Jan van Eyck (1441)

In 1441, Windsor mourns the loss of Jan van Eyck, the Flemish master whose innovations in oil painting dramatically influenced the course of Western art. Windsor reflects on van Eyck's legacy, particularly his meticulous attention to detail and his ability to imbue his subjects with a lifelike presence. She contemplates the profound impact of his techniques on the portrayal of light and texture, which would inspire generations of artists.

Portuguese Begin the West African Slave Trade (1441)

Windsor witnesses a grim milestone in 1441 when Portuguese navigators, reaching the coasts of West Africa, initiate the European slave trade by sending a direct shipment of African slaves to Portugal. This event marks the beginning of a dark chapter in human history, characterized by the exploitation and suffering of millions. Windsor reflects on the profound and lasting consequences of the slave trade on African societies and the world.

Civil War in the League of Mayapan (1441)

Windsor finds herself amidst the tumult of a civil war between the Tutul Xiues and Cocom in the League of Mayapan, leading to the league's disintegration. This conflict signifies the end of a significant political and cultural entity in the Yucatán Peninsula. She ponders the vacuum of power left by the league's collapse and its implications for the Mayan people.

Leonardo Bruni Defines the Middle Ages and Modern Times (1442)

In 1442, Windsor takes interest in Leonardo Bruni's historiographical work, which delineates the periodization of history into the Middle Ages and Modern times. Bruni's ideas resonate with Windsor, offering a framework to understand the transitions and continuities in human history. She appreciates Bruni's contributions to the Renaissance humanist movement and his efforts to reconcile classical knowledge with contemporary thought.

Abdur Razzaq's Visit to India (1443)

Windsor follows the journey of Abdur Razzaq, a Persian ambassador, who visits India in 1443. His detailed accounts provide valuable insights into the Vijayanagara Empire and the broader Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. Windsor is fascinated by the rich cultural and political landscapes Razzaq describes, highlighting the interconnectedness of Eurasian civilizations through trade and diplomacy.

King Sejong Publishes Hangul (1443)

Windsor celebrates the publication of Hangul, the Korean alphabet, by King Sejong the Great. This innovative script, designed to be easy to learn and use, significantly boosts literacy among Koreans. Windsor admires King Sejong's vision for cultural and intellectual empowerment, recognizing Hangul's lasting impact on Korean identity and communication.

Establishment of the Albanian League (1444)

In 1444, Windsor witnesses the formation of the Albanian League in Lezha, with Skanderbeg elected as its leader. This alliance against Ottoman expansion symbolizes a crucial moment of unity and resistance for the Albanian people. Windsor is inspired by Skanderbeg's leadership and the Albanian struggle for sovereignty, emblematic of the broader contest between European states and the expanding Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Varna (1444)

Windsor is present at the Battle of Varna, where the Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Murad II, decisively defeats the combined Polish and Hungarian forces led by Władysław III of Poland and János Hunyadi. The battle crushes hopes of stemming Ottoman expansion into Europe, and Windsor reflects on the shifting balance of power and the fate of Christendom's eastern frontier.

The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the Battle of Suzdal (1445)

Windsor witnesses the resilience of the Tatar forces as the Kazan Khanate asserts its strength against the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This victory at the Battle of Suzdal not only highlights the ongoing struggle for power in the region but also the complex dynamics of resistance and conquest that define the Russian and Tatar relations for centuries.

Singhawikramawardhana's Rule Over Majapahit (1446)

Windsor's travels take her back to the Majapahit Empire, where she observes the accession of Singhawikramawardhana. His reign marks a period of continued efforts to maintain the empire's dominance in the region amidst internal strife and the growing influence of Islam in Southeast Asia. Windsor admires the enduring cultural legacy of Majapahit, evident in its art, architecture, and literature.

Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh (1467)

In a significant power shift within the Middle East, Windsor watches as Uzun Hasan of the White Sheep Turkomans defeats Jahān Shāh of the Black Sheep Turkomans. This victory not only consolidates Uzun Hasan's power but also redefines the geopolitical landscape, affecting the balance of power between regional dynasties and the Ottoman Empire.

The Sengoku period begins in Japan (1467–1615)

Windsor finds herself in Japan as the Ōnin War marks the beginning of the Sengoku period, a time of social upheaval, political intrigue, and near-constant military conflict among Japanese feudal lords (daimyōs). She reflects on the resilience of the Japanese people during this era of "Warring States," which leads to significant developments in military strategy, castle construction, and the rise of samurai culture.

Marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (1469)

Windsor witnesses the union of Ferdinand and Isabella, a pivotal moment that leads to the unification of Spain. Their marriage lays the foundation for the consolidation of their kingdoms under a single crown, setting the stage for Spain's emergence as a preeminent European power. Windsor contemplates the far-reaching consequences of this marriage, from the completion of the Reconquista to the sponsorship of Christopher Columbus's voyages.

Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers parts of Bohemia (1469)

Windsor observes the ambitious Matthias Corvinus as he extends his rule into Bohemia, showcasing his military prowess and strategic acumen. His reign is noted for the cultural renaissance and political stability it brings to Hungary and the surrounding regions, turning Buda into a center of Renaissance humanism, art, and science.

Birth of Guru Nanak Dev (1469)

In a small village in the Punjab region, Windsor witnesses the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism. She is moved by his teachings of equality, justice, and compassion, which lay the foundation for one of the world's youngest major religions. Windsor appreciates Guru Nanak's emphasis on the unity of humanity and the worship of one God, foreseeing the lasting impact of his spiritual legacy.

The Moldavian forces defeat the Tatars at the Battle of Lipnic (1470)

Windsor finds herself amidst the strategic victory of Stephen the Great of Moldavia against the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Lipnic. This triumph not only secures Moldavia's independence but also cements Stephen's reputation as a skilled military leader and defender of his realm.

The Kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese (1471)

In Southeast Asia, Windsor witnesses the significant defeat of the Champa kingdom by the Vietnamese under Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. This event marks a turning point in the long-standing rivalry between Champa and Vietnam, leading to the gradual decline of Champa as a maritime kingdom.

Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco (1472)

In North Africa, Windsor observes the rise of the Wattasid dynasty as Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya assumes power in Morocco. His rule signifies a period of relative stability and cultural flourishing, with Fez growing as a center of Islamic learning and scholarship.

Burgundy Wars (1474–1477)

Windsor observes the conflict between the Duchy of Burgundy and a coalition that includes France, Switzerland, Lorraine, and the Habsburgs. The Burgundy Wars lead to the decline of Burgundian power in Europe and the eventual absorption of its territories by France and the Habsburg Empire. Windsor reflects on the intricate web of alliances and rivalries that characterize European politics, noting the lasting impact of these wars on the region's political landscape.

Muscovy Conquers Novgorod (1478)

In the northeast of Europe, Windsor witnesses the Muscovy's annexation of the Republic of Novgorod, a pivotal event that significantly expands Moscow's territory and power. This conquest marks the beginning of Moscow's rise as the dominant Russian state, laying the groundwork for the future Russian Empire. Windsor contemplates the shift in power dynamics within Russia and the centralization of authority under Moscow's rule.

Construction of the Great Mosque of Demak (late 15th century)

Traveling to Java, Indonesia, Windsor marvels at the construction of the Great Mosque of Demak, considered the oldest mosque in Java. Built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Raden Patah, the mosque symbolizes the spread of Islam in the region and the establishment of the Demak Sultanate as a major political and religious center. Windsor appreciates the architectural beauty of the mosque and its significance in the Islamization of Java.

Battle of Breadfield (1479)

Windsor finds herself amidst the largest open-field battle of the 15th century in Europe, the Battle of Breadfield, where Matthias Corvinus of Hungary decisively defeats the Ottoman forces. This victory temporarily halts Ottoman expansion into Central Europe, highlighting the strategic importance of Hungary as a bulwark against Ottoman advances. Windsor admires the military prowess of Matthias Corvinus and contemplates the enduring struggle between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire.

End of the Great standing on the Ugra river (1480)

Windsor witnesses a significant moment in Russian history, the stand-off at the Ugra river, which effectively ends Tatar overlordship over Moscow. This event marks the beginning of Russia's emergence as an independent power, free from the yoke of the Golden Horde. Windsor sees this as a turning point, heralding a new era of Russian sovereignty and expansion.

Spanish Inquisition Begins (1481)

In Spain, Windsor observes the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Aimed at enforcing Catholic orthodoxy within their realms, the Inquisition becomes notorious for its persecution of Jews, Muslims, and those deemed heretics. Windsor reflects on the darker aspects of religious zeal and its impact on Spain's social fabric, noting the profound human cost of intolerance.

Portuguese Navigator Diogo Cão Reaches the Congo (1482)

Windsor follows Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão as he reaches the mouth of the Congo River, furthering Portugal's exploration of the African coast. This voyage not only opens new trade routes but also establishes contacts between Europe and the Kingdom of Kongo, setting the stage for future Portuguese influence in the region. Windsor is captivated by the early interactions between European explorers and African kingdoms, which foreshadow the complex dynamics of colonization and cultural exchange.

Expulsion of Jews from Andalusia (1483)

Windsor is in Spain as the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, intensify their efforts to unify their kingdoms under Christianity, leading to the expulsion of Jews from Andalusia. This decree is a precursor to the Alhambra Decree of 1492, which mandates the expulsion or forced conversion of all Jews in Spain. Windsor reflects on the profound impact of these actions on Spanish society and the Jewish diaspora, marking a significant moment of religious and cultural upheaval.

Pluto Moves Inside Neptune's Orbit (1483)

While not observable at the time, Windsor learns from modern retrospection that in 1483, Pluto moved inside Neptune's orbit, a rare astronomical event that wouldn't reverse until 1503. She marvels at the complexity and elegance of the solar system, contemplating humanity's place in the vastness of the universe.

First Printing of Aesop's Fables by William Caxton (1484)

In England, Windsor witnesses William Caxton, the first person to introduce the printing press to England, print his translation of Aesop's Fables. This moment symbolizes the spread of the printing technology in England and its profound impact on literacy, education, and the dissemination of knowledge.

Conquest of Vienna by Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1485)

Windsor observes as Matthias Corvinus, the King of Hungary, captures Vienna, showcasing his military prowess and strategic acumen. This event not only signifies the expansion of Hungarian influence but also the cultural and political prestige of Matthias Corvinus's court in Central Europe.

Battle of Bosworth Field (1485)

Windsor is present at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the decisive confrontation in the Wars of the Roses. This battle sees Henry Tudor defeat Richard III, marking the end of Plantagenet rule and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty in England. Windsor contemplates the shifts in English governance and society that this dynastic change would bring.

Ivan III of Russia Conquers Tver (1485)

In Russia, Windsor watches as Ivan III of Moscow asserts his dominance over the principality of Tver, further consolidating Muscovite power in the region. This annexation marks a step towards the unification of Russian lands under Moscow's leadership, laying the groundwork for the Russian state.

Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya's Rise to Power (1485)

Windsor returns to the Vijayanagara Empire to witness Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya overthrowing the Sangama dynasty and establishing the Saluva dynasty. This coup marks a turbulent period in the empire's history, characterized by internal strife and the challenge of maintaining territorial integrity and administrative cohesion.

Birth of Sher Shah Suri (1486)

In Sasaram, in what is now Bihar, India, Windsor witnesses the birth of Sher Shah Suri, who would later found the Sur Empire and introduce administrative reforms that profoundly influence the Mughal administrative system. She reflects on the cyclical nature of empires in the Indian subcontinent, where dynastic changes bring both conflict and progress.

Reign of Ahuitzotl as Aztec Emperor (1486)

Windsor witnesses Ahuitzotl ascending to the throne of the Aztec Empire. His reign is marked by significant military conquests and the expansion of the empire, but also by the remarkable construction projects within Tenochtitlan that enhance the city's splendor. The dedication of the Great Temple, involving mass human sacrifices, leaves Windsor with a profound sense of the complexity of Aztec civilization—its architectural achievements, its spirituality, and the harsh practices intertwined with its religious observances.

Hongzhi Emperor Ascends the Throne (1487)

In the Ming Dynasty, Windsor observes the accession of the Hongzhi Emperor, known for his benevolent rule and efforts to implement effective governance without resorting to the harsh policies of his predecessors. His reign represents a period of relative peace and prosperity, characterized by reduced corruption, efficient administration, and the flourishing of arts and culture. Windsor admires the Hongzhi Emperor's dedication to Confucian principles and his impact on stabilizing the Ming Dynasty.

Bartolomeu Dias Sails Around the Cape of Good Hope (1488)

Windsor follows Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias as he becomes the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488. This monumental achievement not only challenges existing perceptions of the world but also opens new maritime routes to India and the East, significantly impacting global trade and European exploration. Windsor contemplates the era of exploration's role in connecting distant parts of the world, fostering cultural exchanges, and initiating complex colonial dynamics.

Establishment of the Songhai Empire's Largest Extent Under Askia Muhammad (1493)

Windsor witnesses the rise of Askia Muhammad, who overthrows Sunni Ali Ber's successor to become ruler of the Songhai Empire. Under Askia Muhammad, the empire reaches its zenith, becoming one of the largest Islamic empires in history. Windsor is impressed by Askia's administrative reforms, his promotion of Islamic scholarship and education, and his efforts to expand trade across the Sahara, which contribute to the empire's prosperity and cultural vibrancy.

Columbus's First Voyage to the Americas (1492)

Windsor is present as Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, sets sail across the Atlantic and lands in the Bahamas, marking the beginning of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. This event signifies a pivotal moment in history, linking distant continents and peoples, with profound and often devastating impacts on indigenous populations. Windsor reflects on the duality of human exploration—its capacity for discovery and its consequences of displacement and cultural transformation.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Windsor observes the negotiation of the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, mediated by Pope Alexander VI. This treaty aims to resolve conflicts over newly discovered lands outside Europe by dividing them between the two emerging colonial powers. Dove recognizes the treaty's significance in shaping the early modern colonial landscape, influencing the patterns of European expansion and the fate of numerous indigenous societies.

The Italian Wars Begin (1494–1559)

Windsor finds herself amidst the outbreak of the Italian Wars, a protracted conflict involving major European powers vying for dominance over the Italian peninsula. These wars herald a period of military innovation and shifting alliances, with Italy serving as the battleground for foreign ambitions. Windsor reflects on the impact of these conflicts on the Renaissance's cultural heartland, witnessing the devastation wrought by warfare but also the resilience of Italian states and their contributions to European art, thought, and politics.

Vasco da Gama's First Voyage to India (1497–1499)

Windsor accompanies Vasco da Gama on his historic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India, establishing a direct sea route between Europe and Asia. This journey marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire's expansion into the Indian Ocean, altering global trade networks and signifying the European Age of Discovery's reach into Asia. Windsor marvels at the human desire to explore and connect disparate worlds, pondering the ensuing cultural exchanges, conflicts, and transformations that define the global age.

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