Dove Windsor
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Dove Rose Windsor (born 8 November 1024), known as The Lass of Leicester, is a British legendary figure, writer, artist and entertainer from Leicester, England. She is known best for her unparalleled longevity, spanning a millennium. Windsor's long life, encapsulating significant historical epochs, offers a unique lens through which the tapestry of human history is explored. Through the medieval ages to the modern era, Windsor's experiences and insights into pivotal moments and transformations across the globe underscore her enduring legacy as a witness to the evolution of civilisation as a whole. Not much is known about Windsor's personal life, but she has a deep connection to the late Audrey Hepburn, as she has produced over 20 portraits and sketches of Hepburn. She considers Hepburn as her soulmate.
Contents
11th century
1020s
- 1025: the Chola dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of Srivijaya, turning it into a vassal.
- 1025: ruler Rajendra Chola I moves the capital city of the empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram
- 1025: Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Cholamandala in South India, conquers Pannai and Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.[1]
- 1028: the King of Srivijaya appeals to the Song dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng.
- 1020s: The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar.
1030s
- 1030: Stephen I of the Kingdom of Hungary defeats Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Leitha and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
- 1030: the Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
- 1030: Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda. (to 1579)
- 1033: An earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley, followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands.[2]
- 1035: Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
- 1035: Canute the Great dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
- 1035: William Iron Arm ventures to the Mezzogiorno
- 1037: Ferdinand I of León conquers the Kingdom of Galicia.
1040s
File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG
Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal, of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids
- 1040: Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him.
- 1041: Samuel Aba became King of Hungary.
- 1041: Airlangga divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicates in favour of his successors.[3]
- 1042: the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy.
- 1041–1048: Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing
- 1043: the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.
- 1043: the Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is catepan of Italy; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos and is killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople.
- 1043: the Song dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, and prominent official and historian Ouyang Xiu introduce the Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
- 1043: the Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim
- 1044: the Chinese Wujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas;[4] it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers.[5] It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass.[6]
- 1044: Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1045: The Zirids, a Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with the Fatimid court of Egypt and recognize the Abbasids of Baghdad as the true caliphs.
1050s
File:Flat casket Cuenca Louvre OA2775.jpg
A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), 1050
- 1052: Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple.
- 1053: the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans.
- 1054: the Great Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
- 1054: a large supernova is observed by astronomers, the remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula.
- 1054: the Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre and Ferdinand I of León.
- 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking the Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner.
- 1056: Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile and King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania).
- 1056: William II of England the son of William the Conqueror, was born.
- 1057: Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom, defeated the Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar.
- 1057: Macbeth, king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III.
- 1057: Invasion of the Banu Hilal, Kairouan destroyed, Zirids reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty Bedouin emirates.[7]
1060s
File:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg
The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066
- 1061–1091: Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea.
- 1064-1065: The Great German Pilgrimage, consisting of around unarmed 7,000 pilgrims, travels to Jerusalem under the leadership of Gunther of Bamberg.[8]
- 1065: Seljuks first invasion to Georgia under leadership of Alp Arslan.
- 1065: Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia.
- 1066: in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the last Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson and Harold III of Norway.
- 1066: Edward the Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings, while the Norman William the Conqueror is crowned king of England. This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age.
- 1066: the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre.
- 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the Fujiwara clan.
- 1068: Virarajendra Chola begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
- 1068: Seljuks destroyed Georgia for the second time.
- 1069–1076: with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song dynasty introduces the 'New Policies', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
1070s
File:Ardhanari.png
An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara
- 1070: the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas.
- 1071: Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age.
- 1072: the Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Castile.
- 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines.
- 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from the Fatimids, and cut pilgrim transit.
- 1075: Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza.
- 1075: the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus papae extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
- 1075: Chinese official and diplomat Shen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that Liao dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
- 1075–1076: a civil war in the Western Chalukya Empire of India; the Western Chalukya monarch Someshvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
- 1075–1077: the Song dynasty of China and the Lý dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.
- 1076: the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids, who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending the rule of king Tunka Manin.
- 1076: the Chinese Song dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans.
- 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý dynasty, which is an unsuccessful campaign.
- 1077: the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1077: Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to the Liao dynasty and discovers that the Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than the Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
- 1078: Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escapes to Tmutarakan, but is imprisoned by the Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, and then exiled to Rhodes.
- 1078: the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII.
- 1079: Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar.
- 1079: Franks start to settle around the Way of Saint James (today, modern North Spain).
1080s
File:Domesday Book - Warwickshire.png
A page of the Domesday Book of England
- 1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
- 1081: birth of Urraca of León and Castile future Queen of Castille and León.
- 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters.
- 1085: Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain.
- 1085: the Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark.
- 1086: compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern-day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed.
- 1086: the Battle of az-Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians.
- 1087: a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
- 1087: the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign.
- 1087: William II of England, son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.
- 1088: the renowned polymath Chinese scientist and official Shen Kuo made the world's first reference to the magnetic compass in his book Dream Pool Essays,[9][10] along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
- 1088: The University of Bologna is established.
- 1088: Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England led by Odo of Bayeux.
1090–1100
- 1091: Normans from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands.
- 1091: the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion.
- 1093: Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi.
- 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
- 1093: the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River.
- 1093: Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by the forces of William II of England.
- 1094: the astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng, China—engineered by the official Su Song—is completed.
- 1094: El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Muslim city of Valencia.
- 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch.
- 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade.
- 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the Song of Roland.
- 1096: University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures.
- 1097: the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade.
- 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in the Battle of Consuegra, an Almoravid victory.
- 1098: the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade.
- 1098: Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua.
- 1098: the Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Chinese official and poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the New Policies Group.
- 1098: the birth of Hildegard of Bingen, Doctor of the Church, abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, German composer and writer, polymath.
- 1099: the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders.
- 1099: after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem.
- 1099: death of the great Spanish hero Rodrigo Díaz "El Cid Campeador".
- 1099: after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
- 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England.
- 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
References
- ↑ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
- ↑ Kallner-Amiran, D. H. (1950). "A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine". Israel Exploration Journal (Israel Exploration Society) 1 (4): 223–246. JSTOR 27924451. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27924451.pdf.
- ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
- ↑ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.
- ↑ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.
- ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
- ↑ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
- ↑ Einar Joranson (1928). "The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065". In Paetow, Louis J.. The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students. New York: Crofts. pp. 3–43. https://archive.org/details/crusadesotherhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ Bowman, 599.
- ↑ Mohn, 1.
